The SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey — I. First measurements of the submillimetre luminosity and dust mass functions

By L. Dunne, S. Eales, M. Edmunds, R. Ivison, P. Alexander, D. Clements. 2000

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This is the first of a series of papers presenting results from the SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey (SLUGS), the first statistical survey of the submillimetre properties of the local Universe. As the initial part of this survey, we have used the SCUBA camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope to observe 104 galaxies from the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample. We present here the 850-μm flux measurements. The 60-, 100-, and 850-μm flux densities are well fitted by single-temperature dust spectral energy distributions, with the sample mean and standard deviation for the best-fitting temperature being Td=35.6±4.9 K and for the dust emissivity index β=1.3±0.2. The dust temperature was found to correlate with 60-μm luminosity. The low value of β may simply mean that these galaxies contain a significant amount of dust that is colder than these temperatures. We have estimated dust masses from the 850-μm fluxes and from the fitted temperature, although if a colder component at around 20 K is present (assuming a β of 2), then the estimated dust masses are a factor of 1.5–3 too low. We have made the first direct measurements of the submillimetre luminosity function (LF) and of the dust mass function. Unlike the IRAS 60-μm LF, these are well fitted by Schechter functions. The slope of the 850-μm LF at low luminosities is steeper than −2, implying that the LF must flatten at luminosities lower than we probe here. We show that extrapolating the 60-μm LF to 850 μm using a single temperature and β does not reproduce the measured submillimetre LF. A population of ‘cold’ galaxies (Td<25 K) emitting strongly at submillimetre wavelengths would have been excluded from the 60-μm-selected sample. If such galaxies do exist, then this estimate of the 850-μm flux is biased (it is underestimated). Whether such a population does exist is unknown at present. We correlate many of the global galaxy properties with the FIR/submillimetre properties. We find that there is a tendency for less luminous galaxies to contain hotter dust and to have a greater star formation efficiency (cf. Young). The average gas-to-dust ratio for the sample is 581±43 (using both the atomic and molecular hydrogen), which is significantly higher than the Galactic value of 160. We believe that this discrepancy is probably due to a ‘cold dust’ component at Td≤20 K in our galaxies. There is a surprisingly tight correlation between dust mass and the mass of molecular hydrogen, estimated from CO measurements, with an intrinsic scatter of ≃50 per cent.

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ON THE EFFECT OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND IN HIGH-REDSHIFT (SUB-)MILLIMETER OBSERVATIONS (2013, methodology): “For example, using a dust mass absorption coeffi ient of κν (850µm) = 0.77 g−1 cm2 (Dunne et al. 2000), a galaxy of total dust mass 108 M⊙ would need to have a radius smaller than 100 pc to be opticallythick at 850µm.”
Big Three Dragons: A z = 7.15 Lyman-break galaxy detected in [O iii] 88 μm, [C ii] 158 μm, and dust continuum with ALMA (2018, methodology): “For example, if we use κ0 = 0.77 cm 2 g−1 at 850 µm (Dunne et al. 2000), the dust mass estimates become twice as large.”
The dust scaling relations of the Herschel Reference Survey (2012, background): “…balance/radiative transfer techniques (e.g., Zubko et al. 2004; Draine & Li 2007; Bianchi 2008; Galliano et al. 2008; da Cunha et al. 2008; Baes et al. 2010; Compiègne et al. 2011) or just assuming simple single/double modified black-body emission (e.g., Dunne et al. 2000; Vlahakis et al. 2005).”
The n ature of submillimetre galaxies in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations (2009, background): “Observations of 350µm and 850µm fluxes by Coppin et al. (2008) indicate a typical dust temperature of 28 K (with substantial scatter), which is lower than the canonically-assumed 35 K from local starbursts (Dunne et al. 2000); this will be better determined with upcoming Herschel data.”
Luminous Infrared Galaxies with the Submillimeter Array. I. Survey Overview and the Central Gas to Dust Ratio (2008, methodology): “…Rigopoulou et al. (1996) for Mrk 231, Mrk 273, and UGC 5101 were obtained with the single-pixel bolometer UKT14 at 800 µm, while data from Klaas et al. (2001) for IRAS 17208-0014 and NGC 6240 and Dunne et al. (2000) for the remaining galaxies were obtained with the bolometer array SCUBA at 850 µm.”
Astrophysical and cosmological information from large-scale submillimetre surveys of extragalactic sources (2007, methodology): “Transformations to longer wavelengths were done using the mean flux ratios determined by Serjeant & Harrison (2005) who extrapolated the IRAS detections using the sub-mm colour temperature relations from the SCUBA Local Universe Survey (Dunne et al. 2000; Dunne & Eales 2001).”
The pre-launch Planck Sky Model: a model of sky emission at submillimetre to centimetre wavelengths (2012, unknown): “For sources detected at only one IRAS frequency, the values of b and T are taken to be those of the average spectral energy distribution of the sample by Dunne et al. (2000), i.e., b = 1.3 and T = 35 K.”
The Herschel census of infrared SEDs through cosmic time (2013, background): “…extensively to characterize the dust temperature of local samples, and an analysis of IRAS-selected galaxies has shown that more luminous sources have higher colour temperatures than their less luminous counterparts (e.g. Dunne et al. 2000; Dale et al. 2001; Dale & Helou 2002; Chapman et al. 2003).”
A simple model to interpret the ultraviolet, optical and infrared emission from galaxies (2008, unknown): “We adopt as before a dust emissivity index β = 1.5 for warm dust and β = 2 for cold dust and normalise κλ at 850µm assuming κ850µm = 0.77 g −1cm2 (Dunne et al. 2000).”
The Hubble Deep Field North SCUBA Super-map—I. Submillimetre maps, sources and number counts (2003, methodology): “Assuming the SLUGS result for dust temperature and emissivity (Dunne et al. 2000), we calculate star formation rates (SFRs) in excess of 1000 M yr−1 for redshifts past approximately 1.”
An interferometric CO survey of luminous submillimetre galaxies (2005, methodology): “…SA91) and Solomon et al. (1997; SO97) which consist of 48 and 37 local ULIRGs (and less luminous LIRGs) in the redshift rangez = 0.03–0.27, respectively, and the sample of 60 (U)LIRGs from Yao et al. (2003; Y03), selected from the SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey (SLUGS, Dunne et al. 2000).”
An ALMA [C ii] Survey of 27 Quasars at z > 5.94 (2018, methodology): “Briefly, in order to infer IR luminosities, we model the dust continuum emission as a modified blackbody (see, e.g., Dunne et al. 2000; Beelen et al. 2006): n k b= - n n n ( ) ( ) ( )L h c M e dust 2 1 , 2 h k T 3 2 dust b dust where =T 47dust K is the dust temperature, k b n=n b( ) ( )0.77 352 GHz…”
Planck 2013 results. XXX. Cosmic infrared background measurements and implications for star formation (2013, background): “…of the multidimensional parameter space; however we assume physically motivated priors for both the temperature (T0 in the range 20–60 K, see measurements in e.g., Dunne et al. 2000; Chapman et al. 2005; Amblard et al. 2010; and Hwang et al. 2010) and the emissivity index (β in the range 1.5–2.0).”
Submillimetre and far-infrared spectral energy distributions of galaxies: the luminosity-temperature relation and consequences for photometric redshifts (2002, methodology): “A much smaller number of low-redshift galaxies in the IRAS catalogue were observed at submm wavelengths in the SLUGS survey by Dunne et al. (2000) and Dunne & Eales (2001).”
SCUBA observations of galaxies with metallicity measurements: a new method for determining the relation between submillimetre luminosity and dust mass (2002, methodology): “We have initially adopted the value for κd(850µm) of 0.077m 2kg−1 used by Dunne et al. (2000), although of course one of the goals of the present paper is to measure a new value for this.”
Modeling the Pan-Spectral Energy Distribution of Starburst Galaxies. I. The Role of ISM Pressure and the Molecular Cloud Dissipation Timescale (2004, background): “Thisisin good agreem entwith whathasbeen found forsingletem perature tstobrightIRAS galaxies (Dunne et al.2000).”
CO Molecular Gas in Infrared-luminous Galaxies (2003, unknown): “The correlation found between L60 lm and dust temperature by Dunne et al. (2000) also support this argument.”
Investigations of dust heating in M81, M83 and NGC 2403 with the Herschel Space Observatory (2011, background): “…blackbodies to data, it may be inappropriate to force the function to fit 70µm or shorter wavelength data, particularly by varying the index of the power law that describes the dust emissivity (see, for example, Dunne et al. (2000), but also note the additional analysis in Dunne & Eales (2001)).”
SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF LOCAL LUMINOUS AND ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES (2012, methodology): “…data at 850µm and 450µm, obtained using the Submillimeter Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope were taken from Dunne et al. (2000) and Dunne & Eales (2001), while 1.49 GHz radio data obtained at the Very 1 A complete description of the multi-wavelength data…”