Vascular endothelial growth factors and angiogenesis in eye disease.

By A. Witmer, G. F. J. M. Vrensen, C. J. V. Noorden, Reinier O. Schlingemann. Progress in retinal and eye research, 2003

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Diabetic macular edema: pathogenesis and treatment. (2009, background): “RPE cells may secrete paracrine vascular cytokines that are important for the survival of adjacent endothelia.(360) The movement of water across the BRB is controlled by two mechanisms: passive (bi-directional) and active (from retina towards choriocapillaris”
Biology of vascular endothelial growth factors (2006, background): “Insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1 also plays an important role in development of ROP.”
The Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Health and Disease (2010, background): “Conversely, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is secreted by RPE primarily from the basolateral domain [55] (Fig.”
The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. (2005, background): “For example, RPE cells in neovascular tissues obtained from patients with age-related macular degeneration secreted VEGF at a higher rate compared with RPE cells from eyes without neovascularization (569).”
Molecular basis of the inner blood-retinal barrier and its breakdown in diabetic macular edema and other pathological conditions. (2013, background): “VEGF-A is the best-studied inducer of ocular angiogenesis and vascular permeability (Schlingemann and van Hinsbergh, 1997; Siemerink et al., 2010; Witmer et al., 2003).”