Attributions to discrimination and self-esteem: Impact of group identification and situational ambiguity

By B. Major, Wendy J. Quinton, T. Schmader. 2003

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Sexual-Minority College Women's Experiences with Discrimination: Relations with Identity and Collective Action 1 2 (2010, background): “Women who strongly identify with their gender ingroup report more discrimination than women who do not (Gurin & Townsend, 1986; Major et al., 2003).”
The social psychology of stigma. (2005, methodology): “Attributing a rejection to discrimination is positively associated with self-esteem in the presence of blatant prejudice, but is negatively related to self-esteem in the absence of prejudice cues (Major et al. 2003c).”
When Do We Confront? Perceptions of Costs and Benefits Predict Confronting Discrimination on Behalf of the Self and Others (2012, background): “Much research has suggested that group identification plays an important role in discrimination detection and confrontation (Ayres et al., 2009; Major et al., 2003; Operario & Fiske, 2001).”
The Potential Roles of Self‐Fulfilling Prophecies, Stigma Consciousness, and Stereotype Threat in Linking Latino/a Ethnicity and Educational Outcomes (2010, background): “ambiguous and negative feedback as discriminatory (Pinel, 2004; Major et al., 2003).”