Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: the importance of silence

By L. Bernardi, C. Porta, P. Sleight. Heart, 2005

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Music and Stress (2011, background): “In a study (Bernardi et al. 2006) measuring physiological and psychological responses to preferred and relaxing music, varied types of music chosen by the participants significantly reduced anxiety.”
Music listening enhances cognitive recovery and mood after middle cerebral artery stroke. (2008, background): “Evidence suggests that music listening modulates emotional arousal as indexed by changes in electrodermal, cardiovascular and respiratory activity (Khalfa et al., 2002; Bernardi et al., 2006; Gomez and Danuser, 2007).”
Effects of noise and music on human and task performance: A systematic review (2008, background): “It has been demonstrated that music affects individuals psychologically [41], physiologically [7] [37] [70] as well as socially [2] [3].”
Does music induce emotion? A theoretical and methodological analysis. (2008, result): “…and “collative” variables with “arousal potential” (Berlyne, 1960, 1971; Leman, Vermeulen, De Voogdt, Moelants, & Lesaffre, 2005) – the main results obtained by Nykliček et al. (1997) convincingly document the physiological effects of music’s expressiveness (cf. Bernardi et al., 2006).”