HMGB1 SIGNALS THROUGH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR) 4 AND TLR2

By Man Yu, Haichao Wang, A. Ding, D. Golenbock, E. Latz, C. Czura, M. Fenton, Kevin J. Tracey, Huan Yang. Shock, 2006

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Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage (2010, background): “Although several of the purified endogenous molecules, including HSPs, HMGB1 and uric acid, can induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines through TLR2 and/or TLR4 in vitro”
Autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in tumor immunotherapy (2022, background): “through TLR2 and TLR4 receptors activating transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, triggering inflammation and cytokines’ production such as IL-6, TNFα, IL-8 needed for CD8+ T cells activation.(226) Through HMGB1 signaling, chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced cell death leads to an increase in antig”
A critical cysteine is required for HMGB1 binding to Toll-like receptor 4 and activation of macrophage cytokine release (2010, methodology): “To circumvent potential issues of bacterial contaminants or impurities attributable to recombinant bacterialderived proteins, here we constructed amammalian tumor cell line (CHO) that continuously secretes HMGB1 (10) (Fig.”