An Experiment on Public Speaking Anxiety in Response to Three Different Types of Virtual Audience

By David-Paul Pertaub, Mel Slater, Chris Barker. Presence - Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 2002

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A Virtual Reprise of the Stanley Milgram Obedience Experiments (2006, methodology): “For example, virtual environments have been used in studies of social anxiety and behavioural problems [11,12], and”
The Ethics of Realism in Virtual and Augmented Reality (2020, background): “than now, and, for example, people became anxious talking to a poor-quality rendering of an audience (Pertaub et al., 2002), or standing in front of a virtual pit (Usoh et al.”
From presence to consciousness through virtual reality (2005, background): “The audiences showed three different types of behaviour — static and neutral, dynamic with positive responses towards the speaker, or dynamic with negative responses towards the speake”
Analysis of assets for virtual reality applications in neuropsychology (2004, background): “At a somewhat higher level of complexity, graphics-based avatars capable of dynamic expressions have been used by Pertaub et al. (2002) to target public speaking anxiety.”
How we experience immersive virtual environments: the concept of presence and its measurement * (2009, methodology): “…nº 2, septiembre 2009, pp. 193-210 © 2009, Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Psicologia haviour of the virtual characters as if they were real –in spite of the absolute knowledge that there is no audience there, and in spite of the low level of realism of the characters (Pertaub et al., 2002).”