Short- and long-term changes in joint co-contraction associated with motor learning as revealed from surface EMG.

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Running economy: measurement, norms, and determining factors (2015, background): “Running appears to induce adaptations in motor programing and recruitment that are critical for superior RE [5,184,185].”
Role of cocontraction in arm movement accuracy. (2003, positive): “…about the behavioral determinants of cocontraction and limb impedance control is crucial to gain an understanding of how neural control signals for cocontraction are coordinated with those for multi-joint movement (Gribble and Ostry 1998; Gribble et al. 1998; Osu et al. 2002; Suzuki et al. 2001).”
Computational mechanisms of sensorimotor control. (2011, neutral): “This fits within the experimental work because coactivation is seen as one of the first responses to changing dynamics whether or not such coactivation is required for the final adaptation to the dynamics (Franklin et al., 2003; Osu et al., 2002; Thoroughman and Shadmehr, 1999).”
Electromyographic analysis of pedaling: a review. (2009, background): “Numerous studies provided evidence that repeated performance of a movement task facilitates neuromuscular adaptations, which result in more skilled movement (Schneider et al., 1989; Osu et al., 2002).”
Adaptive Impedance Control for an Upper Limb Robotic Exoskeleton Using Biological Signals (2017, background): “As we all know, the muscle stiffness is approximately proportional to muscle torque [30], [32].”