Tumor microenvironment: The role of the tumor stroma in cancer

By Hanchen Li, Xueli Fan, J. Houghton. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 2007

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Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Their Characteristics and Their Roles in Tumor Growth (2015, background): “In contrast, CAFs are perpetually activated, and neither revert to a normal phenotype nor undergoes apoptosis and elimination like normal fibroblasts [6].”
Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: new findings and future perspectives (2021, background): “(CAFs)), endothelial cells and lipocytes, along with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and multiple signaling molecules [5, 6].”
Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Systems and Their Applications in Drug Discovery and Cell-Based Biosensors (2014, background): “The stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment play a major part in cancer, and their communication with cancer cells has been associated with the regulation of tumor growth, metastasis, and even treatment outcome, making them attractive targets for cancer treatment.(43) For example, Wang et al.”
The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Fibrosis in Liver Cancer (2016, background): “For example, thrombospondin-1 exerts immunosuppressive effects via activation of TGF-β and direct interaction with immune cells (262, 263); MMPs are chemotactic for leukocytes and modulate their proliferation and cytokine release (264, 265); HGF, IGF, and FAP act as CAF-derived immune modulators in ”