Recognition of microbial infection by Toll-like receptors.

By E. Kopp, R. Medzhitov. Current Opinion in Immunology, 2003

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Endogenous ligands of Toll‐like receptors (2004, background): “The DD of MyD88 then binds the DD of IL-1R-associated kinase, and the signal is propagated via tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor-6, leading to the activation of nuclear factor (NF)- B and mitogen-activated protein kinases and the transcription of immunologically relevant genes [”
The NLRP3 inflammasome protects against loss of epithelial integrity and mortality during experimental colitis (2010, neutral): “The synthesis and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is governed by germline-encoded receptors such as the toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleotide-binding domain and leucinerich repeat containing (NLR) protein family (Kanneganti et al., 2007; Kopp and Medzhitov, 2003).”
Invertebrate immune systems – not homogeneous, not simple, not well understood (2004, background): “The more we learn about these systems, the more we appreciate their capabilities, including the ability to recognize and inactivate viruses (36).”
Innate immunity and neuroinflammation in the CNS: The role of microglia in Toll‐like receptor‐mediated neuronal injury (2009, background): “At least one binding partner was identified for each TLR, with the exception of TLR10 (Kopp and Medzhitov, 2003; Takeda et al., 2003).”