Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression occurs via concerted action of chemokines and nitric oxide.

By G. Ren, Liying Zhang, Xin Zhao, Guangwu Xu, Yingyu Zhang, A. Roberts, R. Zhao, Yufang Shi. Cell Stem Cell, 2008

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Mesenchymal stromal cells: sensors and switchers of inflammation. (2013, positive): “Coculture of monocytes with human or mouse BM-MSCs promotes the formation of M2 macrophages (Eggenhofer and Hoogduijn, 2012) (Figure 2) and this is dependent on both cellular contact and soluble factors, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and catabolites of IDO activity such as kynurenine (Né meth et”
BRAIN REGENERATION IN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY: THE IMMUNE SIGNATURE DRIVING THERAPEUTIC PLASTICITY OF NEURAL STEM CELLS (2011, background): “the immune suppressive versus prosurvival capacity of other nonhematopoietic somatic stem cell sources; these include chemokines and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (187) as well as stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1), a peptide hormone that modulates mineral metabolism (21).”
Inflammatory Cytokine-Induced Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Critical for Immunosuppression (2010, methodology): “The “stemness” of MSCs was determined by their capability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts (11, 21).”
Mesenchymal stromal cells: new directions. (2012, background): “For example, in humans and Rhesus monkeys, indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase (IDO) is predominantly involved in T cell suppression, whereas nitric oxide is themainmediator inmice (Ren et al., 2008; Ren et al., 2009).”