Mesenchymal stromal cells: sensors and switchers of inflammation.

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Mesenchymal stromal cells: clinical challenges and therapeutic opportunities (2018, background): “Based on their niche properties and mesodermal structural capacity, their ability to profoundly affect the functionality of bystander innate and adaptive immune cells was discovered (Bernardo and Fibbe, 2013).”
Structural Remodeling of the Human Colonic Mesenchyme in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2018, background): “Colonic mesenchymal cells also influence intestinal mucosal immune cell function during development, inflammation, and tissue repair, shifting between immunosuppressive or pro-inflammatory states to determine the function of immune cells populating connective tissue (Bernardo and Fibbe, 2013).”
Transplantation of ACE2- Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves the Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia (2020, positive): “MSCs can secrete many types of cytokines by paracrine secretion or make direct interactions with immune cells, leading to immunomodulation [17].”
Stem Cell Therapies in Clinical Trials: Progress and Challenges. (2015, background): “They also increase Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that dampen killer T cell attack on foreign cells or tissues (see the reviews of Bernardo and Fibbe, 2013; Glenn and Whartenby, 2014).”
Mesenchymal stem cell-macrophage crosstalk and bone healing (2018, background): “potentially enhance tissue regeneration [67] including wound healing [65], healing of spinal injury”