Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing.

By J. Humphrey. The Lancet, 2009

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Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition (2016, background): “Is there a systemic immune biomarker of EED?”
The Intestinal Microbiome in Early Life: Health and Disease (2014, background): “While fecal-oral pathogen exposure can significantly alter the early-life gut microbiota and lead to diarrhea and stunting (205), EE presents as a sub-clinical disorder characterized by villous blunting, crypt hyperplasia, increased permeability, chronic inflammation, and malabsorption in the small ”
Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health (2010, background): “Third, if challenge by diarrhoea pathogens can cause tropical enteropathy [16] without diarrhoea, a reduction in that challenge could reduce mortality risk without necessarily reducing diarrhoea morbidity.”
Contextualising complementary feeding in a broader framework for stunting prevention. (2013, neutral): “(Humphrey 2009).”
The stunting syndrome in developing countries (2014, background): “89,160 Early studies from The Gambia 161–163 and elsewhere 164,165 conﬁrmed that abnormal intestinal permeability is common; linear growth in Gambian infants was inversely related to permeability.”