Efficiency and equity comparison of cordon- and area-based road pricing schemes using a trip-chain equilibrium model

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The urban road pricing scheme to curb pollution in Milan, Italy: Description, impacts and preliminary cost-benefit analysis assessment (2010, methodology): “…location and of the dimension of the charging area has been based on the historic urban layout, rather than on theoretical transport planning considerations described in the literature (Stewart, 2007; Maruyama and Sumalee, 2007; Safirova et al., 2007; Mun et al., 2005; Shepherd and Sumalee, 2004).”
Equity Effects of Road Pricing: A Review (2010, methodology): “Maruyama and Sumalee (2007) compares cordon and area pricing schemes, (where a cordon toll requires payment each crossing, while an area-based toll requires payment once per day) testing the cases on a simulation of Utsunomiya, Japan, with a finding that while the area scheme has greater welfare…”