Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes.

By W. Willett, JoAnn E. Manson, Simin Liu. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002

761 citations recorded by the source corpus.

The possibility that high, long-term intake of carbohydrates that are rapidly absorbed as glucose may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes has been a long-standing controversy. Two main mechanisms have been hypothesized, one mediated by increases in insulin resistance and the other by pancreatic exhaustion as a result of the increased demand for insulin. During the past decade, several lines of evidence have collectively provided strong support for a relation between such diets and diabetes incidence. In animals and in short-term human studies, a high intake of carbohydrates with a high glycemic index (a relative measure of the incremental glucose response per gram of carbohydrate) produced greater insulin resistance than did the intake of low-glycemic-index carbohydrates. In large prospective epidemiologic studies, both the glycemic index and the glycemic load (the glycemic index multiplied by the amount of carbohydrate) of the overall diet have been associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes in both men and women. Conversely, a higher intake of cereal fiber has been consistently associated with lower diabetes risk. In diabetic patients, evidence from medium-term studies suggests that replacing high-glycemic-index carbohydrates with a low-glycemic-index forms will improve glycemic control and, among persons treated with insulin, will reduce hypoglycemic episodes. These dietary changes, which can be made by replacing products made with white flour and potatoes with whole-grain, minimally refined cereal products, have also been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and can be an appropriate component of recommendations for an overall healthy diet.

Subfields: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Nutrition and Dietetics, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

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Citations in the corpus

Nutritional aspects of cereals (2004, background): “Prevention of diabetes A potential role for fibre in the prevention of diabetes was put forward over 30 years ago, and a high intake of cereal fibre has consistently been associated with a lower risk of diabetes (Willett et al. 2002).”
Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. (2006, background): “quantities consumed; this high GL is associated with poor glycemic control, particularly among persons with diabetes (84, 85).”
Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. (2005, background): “The type of carbohydrate in each diet was similar, as indicated by the total dietary glycemic index (68 in carbohydrate diet, 71 in the protein diet, and 75 in unsaturated fat diet, relative to the white bread index).(24) Controlled Feeding”
Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates (2011, background): “They should be consumed in moderation((39)) as they have a high glycaemic index((40)) and are most commonly prepared fried.”
Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. (2004, background): “Sugarsweetened soft drinks therefore contribute to a high glycemic index of the overall diet, a risk factor for diabetes in this study population(35) and other cohort studies.(11) In addition, cola-type soft drinks contain caramel coloring, which is rich in advanced glycation end products, which may”