Teaching to the rating: School accountability and the distribution of student achievement

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Tinkering Toward Accolades: School Gaming Under a Performance Accountability System (2006, background): “…improvements in knowledge and ability in those subject areas.2 Further, most states base school ratings on pass rates, so that schools may achieve higher ratings by targeting instruction to near-failing students, while not necessarily improving the performance of other students (Reback, 2005).”
Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education (2011, result): “A similar pattern was found in Texas during the 1990s (Reback, 2008): “marginal” students, meaning those on the cusp of passing or failing a state exam used to judge the quality of schools, showed the greatest improvements because the accountability system provided strong incentives for teachers to ”
Estimating the Effects of No Child Left Behind on Teachers’ Work Environments and Job Attitudes (2014, background): “, Hanushek & Raymond, 2005) and on organizational behaviors—such as resource reallocation (e.g., Booher-Jennings, 2005; Reback, 2008), teaching to the test (e.”