When should the Ask be a Nudge? The Effect of Default Amounts on Charitable Donations

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Can nudges be transparent and yet effective (2018, unknown): “To our best knowledge, Goswami and Urminsky (2016) is the only study that assesses the interaction of trait reactance with the size of a default value on behavioral outcomes, i.e. charitable giving.”
A Review and Framework for Thinking about the Drivers of Prosocial Consumer Behavior (2020, background): “Defaults can reduce the average donation amount if they are set too low, decrease the influence of other important information such as third-party ratings of the charity’s quality (Goswami and Urminsky 2016), and make it easier to carry out dishonest behavior (Mazar and Hawkins 2015).”
How effective is nudging? A quantitative review on the effect sizes and limits of empirical nudging studies (2019, methodology): “references were used frequently (e.g. Demarque et al., 2015; Goswami and Urminsky, 2016), other measures are less common.”
Neural investigation of default effects on decision-making under uncertainty (2026, unknown): “Defaults have been demonstrated as exerting effects on a wide variety of activities, such as health decisions 11 , savings and investment plans 14 , charitable donations 15 , and consumption 16 .”