Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

By A. Guilherme, J. Virbasius, Vishwajeet Puri, M. Czech. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology, 2008

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Mitochondrial Fission Contributes to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle (2011, background): “Alterations in the extracellular milieu, including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated free FAs (FFAs), and elevated proinflammatory cytokines, cause muscle insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes (18, 31).”
Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease (2018, background): “Macrophages then secrete large amounts of TNFα, increasing lipolysis and reducing insulin-stimulated glucose transporter 4, triglyceride biosynthesis, and adipocyte storage in the VAT, thus resulting in an increase in circulating triglyceride levels [64].”
CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity (2009, background): “Likewise, chronic inflammation also impairs triglyceride storage in adipose tissues, and the excess circulating free fatty acids and triglycerides also induces insulin resistance in muscle and live”
Obesity and Cancer: The Role of Dysfunctional Adipose Tissue (2009, background): “Downregulation of PPAR-γ by TNF-α in obesity is believed to contribute to the dysfunction of adipose tissue (150).”