Electrochemical deposition and characterization of conducting polymer polypyrrole/PSS on multichannel neural probes

By X. Cui, J. Hetke, J. Wiler, D. J. Anderson, David C. Martin. 2001

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Conductive polymers: towards a smart biomaterial for tissue engineering. (2014, background): “It can be fabricated with a large surface area, with different porosities, and can easily be modified to make it more suitable for biomedical applications through the incorporation of bioactive molecules [8,22,26,30,35,36].”
Next-generation probes, particles, and proteins for neural interfacing (2017, background): “The combined ease of ionic penetration and sufficient pathways for electronic transport yield capacitance per unit geometric surface area more than two orders of magnitude higher than flat metallic electrodes and, thus, improve SNR and increase the capacity for stimulation (14, 46, 47).”
Chronic neural recordings using silicon microelectrode arrays electrochemically deposited with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) film (2006, background): “As noted earlier, ions can more effectively infiltrate the porous PEDOT at lower frequencies, creating a larger accessible interfacial area and therefore reducing low-frequency impedance by increasing recording site capacitance and lowering charge transfer resistance [16].”
Progress Towards Biocompatible Intracortical Microelectrodes for Neural Interfacing Applications (2014, background): “Cui and Martin electrochemically deposited PPy doped with PSS on the neural electrodes, and found that the coated electrodes had an increased surfaces area, which resulted in a 30-fold decrease in impedance [305].”