γH2AX foci analysis for monitoring DNA double-strand break repair: Strengths, limitations and optimization

By M. Löbrich, A. Shibata, Andrea Beucher, Anna Fisher, M. Ensminger, A. Goodarzi, Olivia Barton, P. Jeggo. Cell Cycle, 2010

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DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent an important radiation-induced lesion and impaired DSB repair provides the best available correlation with radiosensitivity. Physical techniques for monitoring DSB repair require high, non-physiological doses and cannot reliably detect subtle defects. One outcome from extensive research into the DNA damage response is the observation that H2AX, a variant form of the histone H2A, undergoes extensive phosphorylation at the DSB, creating γH2AX foci that can be visualised by immunofluorescence. There is a close correlation between γH2AX foci and DSB numbers and between the rate of foci loss and DSB repair, providing a sensitive assay to monitor DSB repair in individual cells using physiological doses. However, γH2AX formation can occur at single-stranded DNA regions which arise during replication or repair and thus does not solely correlate with DSB formation. Here, we present and discuss evidence that following exposure to ionising radiation, γH2AX foci analysis can provide a sensitive monitor of DSB formation and repair and describe techniques to optimise the analysis. We discuss the limitations and benefits of the technique, enabling the procedure to be optimally exploited but not misused.

Subfields: Molecular Biology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2694ab5f6acd47f7e643eb691ce245b3cd28810c

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Sources of DNA double-strand breaks and models of recombinational DNA repair. (2014, background): “In vertebrate cells, phosphorylation of the minor histone H2Avariant, H2AX, to produce socalled g-H2AX, is often used as an indicator of the incidence of DSBs; however, it is now becoming evident that g-H2AX can be associated with DNA damage other than DSBs (Soutoglou and Misteli 2008; Löbrich et al”