Gene expression profiling reveals the defining features of the classical, intermediate, and nonclassical human monocyte subsets.

By K. Wong, J. J. Tai, W. Wong, Hao Han, Xiaohui Sem, W. Yeap, P. Kourilsky, S. Wong. Blood, 2011

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Microglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states (2016, background): “Alternatively, subpopulations of macrophages within an injury environment may express specific phenotypes resulting in concurrent expression of M1and M2-related factors or mixed M1/M2 phenotypes (Ziegler-Heitbrock et al., 2010; Pettersen et al., 2011; Wong et al., 2011; Vogel et al., 2013).”
Developmental and Functional Heterogeneity of Monocytes. (2018, background): “Discrete populations of monocytes were first identified by morphology and the differential expression of the antigenic markers CD14 and CD16 in humans (Passlick et al., 1989; Wong et al., 2011) and represented a major milestone in monocyte biology.”
The fate and lifespan of human monocyte subsets in steady state and systemic inflammation (2017, background): “In humans, CD14 CD16− (classical) monocytes make up ∼85% of the circulating monocyte pool, whereas the remaining ∼15% consist of CD14 CD16 (intermediate) and CD14 CD16 (nonclassical) monocytes (Passlick et al., 1989; Wong et al., 2011).”
Monocyte and macrophage differentiation: circulation inflammatory monocyte as biomarker for inflammatory diseases (2014, background): “Gene signature links CD14CD16 monocytes to antigen presentation and T cell activation (Figure 2) [36].”