T-cell regulation by CD28 and CTLA-4

By M. Alegre, Kenneth A. Frauwirth, Craig B. Thompson. Nature reviews. Immunology, 2001

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Complex N-glycan number and degree of branching cooperate to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. (2007, background): “After undergoing serial rounds of cell division, activated T cells induce CTLA-4 to the cell surface and arrest in G1 of the cell cycle (Alegre et al., 2001). b1,6GlcNAc-branching deficiency in naive T cells reduces activation thresholds by weakening the galectin lattice, enhancing TCR clustering,…”
CD28 costimulation of developing thymocytes induces Foxp3 expression and regulatory T cell differentiation independently of interleukin 2 (2005, background): “It is also possible that T reg cells require CD28 costimulation for survival and population expansion, as CD28 promotes interleukin 2 (IL-2) secretion and upregulates expression of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-x”
Cutting Edge: CD28 Controls Peripheral Homeostasis of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells 1 (2003, background): “CD28 maintains a high level of CD25 expression on Tregs Costimulation through CD28 has been shown to be necessary for inducing several cell intrinsic survival factors, such as Bcl-xL (19).”
CD28 and CTLA-4 coreceptor expression and signal transduction (2009, neutral): “tory, even when associated with SHP-2 (159).”