Comparative toxicity of nanoparticulate ZnO, bulk ZnO, and ZnCl2 to a freshwater microalga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata): the importance of particle solubility.

By Natasha M. Franklin, N. Rogers, S. Apte, G. Batley, G. E. Gadd, P. Casey. Environmental Science and Technology, 2007

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CuO nanoparticles significantly influence in vitro culture, steviol glycosides, and antioxidant activities of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (2017, background): “The reactivity and toxicity of metallic oxide NPs depend on their size, surface, structure, concentration, dissolution and exposure routes (Franklin et al. 2007; Jiang et al. 2009; Chang et al. 2012).”
Interactions between engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and plants: phytotoxicity, uptake and accumulation. (2010, background): “Franklin et al. noticed that the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles, bulk ZnO and ZnCl2 demonstrated comparative toxicity to P. subcapitata and the toxicity of nanoparticulate and bulk ZnO is solely due to the dissolved Zn (Franklin et al., 2007).”
Mechanisms of nanotoxicity: Generation of reactive oxygen species (2014, background): “Franklin et al [131] observed that Znþ2 ions released from the dissolved nano-ZnO were highly toxic to aquatic organisms.”
Insignificant acute toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to willow trees (2009, background): “06 mg L for nanoparticulate ZnO, bulk ZnO and dissolved ZnCl2, attributable solely to dissolved zinc (Franklin et al. 2007).”
Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and ROS-triggered mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human liver cells (HepG2) (2012, background): “Some studies have raised doubt in ascribing the ZnO NPs toxicity to ROS or NPs per se and observed dissolution as the main cause [15].”