Activity patterns of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Slovenia and Croatia

By P. Kaczensky, D. Huber, F. Knauer, H. Roth, A. Wagner, J. Kusak. 2006

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Do bears know they are being hunted (2012, background): “This may explain the long resting period of bears during the day throughout Europe (e.g. Kaczensky et al., 2006; Moe et al., 2007), a pattern that was even more marked in our study after hunting started.”
Brown bear conservation and the ghost of persecution past (2011, background): “, 1999) and less diurnal (Kaczensky et al., 2006; Moe et al., 2007; Roth and Huber, 1986) than North American bears, which also make them easier for humans to tolerate and conserve.”
Ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying the occurrence of bears close to human settlements: review and management implications (2014, unknown): “European brown bears show predominantly nocturnal or crepuscular activity peaks, suggesting more wary behaviour than North American bears, which are more active during daytime (Klinka & Reimchen 2002, Kaczensky et al. 2006).”
The mating system of the brown bear Ursus arctos (2012, background): “Human presence is the most important factor determining the distribution of brown bears in their historical range (Kaczensky et al. 2006); it alters their ecology and behaviour, such as habitat selection and circadian rhythms (Pasitschniak-Arts 1993, Swenson 1999, Klinka & Reimchen 2002, Ciarniello ”