Crime and Expected Punishment: Changes in Perceptions at the Age of Criminal Majority

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Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century (2013, background): “…risk are associated with failure (success) in avoiding apprehension (Bridges and Stone 1986; Piliavin et al. 1986; Paternoster and Piquero 1995; Pogarsky, Piquero, and Paternoster 2004; Pogarsky, Kim, and Paternoster 2005; Matsueda, Kreager, and Huizinga 2006; Lochner 2007; Hjalmarsson 2008).”
TESTING ENFORCEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE FIELD: THREAT, MORAL APPEAL AND SOCIAL INFORMATION (2013, background): “In line with recent contributions that emphasize the link between policies, subjective perceptions and compliance behavior (see, e.g., Lochner, 2007; Hjalmarsson, 2009), our perception survey indicates that the threat effect can be traced back to an increase in the perceived detection risk.”
Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature (2017, methodology): “Findings in Lee and McCrary are perhaps surprising, but are supported by results reported in Hjalmarsson (2009b), who documents that perceived increases in the severity of sanctions at the age of criminal majority among juvenile offenders are smaller than the actual changes, thus suggesting a…”
The Deterrence Effect of Prison: Dynamic Theory and Evidence (2009, background): “See Cook (1980) for discussion of the concept and Hjalmarsson (2009) for a recent empirical approach.”