Functional neuroimaging evidence for hyperarousal in insomnia.

By E. Nofzinger, Daniel J Buysse, Anne Germain, J. Price, J. Miewald, David J. Kupfer. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2004

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Neural Circuitry of Wakefulness and Sleep (2017, neutral): “Circadian signals to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus regulate the daily melatonin rhythm. high in the dark period of nocturnal rodents and high in the light period of diurnal rodents (Nunez et al., 1999).”
Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep (2005, background): “The amplitude of the changes in brain metabolism and neuronal activity that occurs during sleep exceeds those which occur during most waking period”
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms (2005, background): “Positron-emission tomography studies during sleep in humans with insomnia also show increased activity in corticolimbic sites, including the medial prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe, compared with sleeping subjects without insomni”
Sleep State Switching (2010, background): “, and Kupfer, D.J. (2004). Functional neuroimaging evidence for hyperarousal in insomnia.”