Obtaining a Figurative Interpretation of a Word: Support for Underspecification

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Literal Bases for Metaphor and Simile (2001, background): “…Associates, Inc. Requests for reprints should be sent to Dan L. Chiappe, Department of Psychology, California State University–Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840. difficult to explain the basis of the distinction (Frisson & Pickering, 2001/this issue; Gibbs & Gerrig, 1989).”
Metaphor Comprehension: What Makes a Metaphor Difficult to Understand? (2002, methodology): “The two models closest to the present approach are the class-inclusion model of Glucksberg (1998) and the underspecification model of Frisson & Pickering (2001).”
The processing of familiar and novel senses of a word: Why reading Dickens is easy but reading Needham can be hard (2007, background): “As the established metonymic sense of Dickens refers to such objects, readers can select this sense (possibly via the initial activation of a meaning that is underspecified for sense; see Frisson & Pickering, 1999 , 2001 ).”
Coercion in sentence processing: evidence from eye-movements and self-paced reading (2002, background): “ Frisson and Pickering (1999, 2001) proposed that the fact that literal and familiar metonymic senses of NPs like Vietnam are related enabled readers to adopt an underspecified interpretation, and to choose between alternative senses during a later ‘‘homing-in’’ stage of processing.”