Superstition in the pigeon.

By B. Skinner. 1948

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Citations in the corpus

Short-term plasticity as cause–effect hypothesis testing in distal reward learning (2014, background): “of learning, in which conclusions are drawn from few occurrences of rewards (Skinner, 1948; Ono, 1987).”
Learning to Localize Sound Source in Visual Scenes (2018, background): “1It is an experiment [26] about delivering food to hungry pigeons in a cage at regular time intervals regardless of the bird behavior.”
What's in a Term? Paranormal, Superstitious, Magical and Supernatural Beliefs by Any Other Name Would Mean the Same (2012, background): “In turn, researchers such as Skinner (1948) and his followers, who were interested in how false beliefs and irrational behaviors are formed and maintained in the Western world, preferred the concept of superstition.”
Hippocampal “time cells” bridge the gap in memory for discontiguous events (2011, unknown): “To investigate in detail how location and behavioral variables influenced firing patterns, we first examined whether the rats developed stereotyped behavioral sequences, often observed during periods that precede a reward (Skinner, 1948).”
The evolution of learning (2004, background): “Similarly, Pavlovian procedures could, in principle, produce ‘superstitious ’ associations (Skinner, 1948) – but between stimuli and reinforcers, not stimuli and responses.”
Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on work engagement in the hospitality industry: Test of motivation crowding theory (2017, background): “He suggested that humans and animals were not only motivated by a reward such as money or food to change their behaviors, as Watson (1913) and Skinner (1948) claimed, but they were also intrinsically interested and curious about their surroundings, which drove them to learn and master the…”
Learning to Localize Sound Sources in Visual Scenes: Analysis and Applications (2019, background): “It is an experiment [41] about delivering food to hungry pigeons in a cage at regular time intervals regardless of the bird behavior.”
Attachment, Evolution, and the Psychology of Religion (2004, background): “A classic example of particular relevance to religion and everyday knowledge is superstitious behavior, by which I refer to the specific phenomenon well studied in pigeons and other laboratory animals by which individuals “learn” behaviors that happen coincidentally to get paired with reward in rand”
The Psychological Benefits of Superstitious Rituals in Top Sport (2005, background): “2532 Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2006, 36, 10, pp. 2532–2553. r 2006 Copyright the Authors Journal compilation r 2006 Blackwell Publishing, Inc.”
Reward learning: Reinforcement, incentives, and expectations (2000, background): “Skinner had many years earlier advanced a similar explanation of superstitious behavior, that is, particular behavioral patterns that some animals developed when put into an operant chamber, even though the experimenter did not intend to reinforce those behaviors (Skinner, 1948).”
The Paranoid Optimist: An Integrative Evolutionary Model of Cognitive Biases (2006, background): “It was Skinner (1948) who first showed that if a pigeon is given food reinforcement every 15 sec, regardless of its behavior, it may develop behavioral rituals , such as walking in a circle or rubbing its face on the floor.”