RINGED SUBSTRUCTURE AND A GAP AT 1 au IN THE NEAREST PROTOPLANETARY DISK

By S. Andrews, D. Wilner, Zhaohuan Zhu, T. Birnstiel, J. Carpenter, L. Pérez, Xue-Ning Bai, K. Oberg, A. Hughes, Andrea Isella and 1 more. 2016

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We present long baseline Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the 870 μm continuum emission from the nearest gas-rich protoplanetary disk, around TW Hya, that trace millimeter-sized particles down to spatial scales as small as 1 au (20 mas). These data reveal a series of concentric ring-shaped substructures in the form of bright zones and narrow dark annuli (1–6 au) with modest contrasts (5%–30%). We associate these features with concentrations of solids that have had their inward radial drift slowed or stopped, presumably at local gas pressure maxima. No significant non-axisymmetric structures are detected. Some of the observed features occur near temperatures that may be associated with the condensation fronts of major volatile species, but the relatively small brightness contrasts may also be a consequence of magnetized disk evolution (the so-called zonal flows). Other features, particularly a narrow dark annulus located only 1 au from the star, could indicate interactions between the disk and young planets. These data signal that ordered substructures on ∼au scales can be common, fundamental factors in disk evolution and that high-resolution microwave imaging can help characterize them during the epoch of planet formation.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Spectroscopy

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/12e1348e7266b405ccf26ac724f789f24564ed9e

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Citations in the corpus

ALMA unveils rings and gaps in the protoplanetary system HD 169142: signatures of two giant protoplanets (2017, background): “…and azimuthal (traps and vortices) dust distributions (e.g., Casassus et al. 2012; van der Marel et al. 2013; ALMA Partnership et al. 2015; Walsh et al. 2014; Andrews et al. 2016; Isella et al. 2016) and cold gas cavities that are smaller than the dust cavities (van der Marel et al. 2016).”
The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP). I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview (2018, background): “The richness of these substructures becomes clear for the few individual cases that have had their continuum emission probed at resolutions of only a few au (HL Tau, ALMA Partnership et al. 2015; TW Hya, Andrews et al. 2016; MWC 758, Dong et al. 2018).”
ALMA continuum observations of the protoplanetary disk AS 209. Evidence of multiple gaps opened by a single planet (2017, background): “…and rings such as those seen in the protoplanetary disks around HL Tau, TW Hya, HD 163296, HD 169142, AA Tau (e.g., ALMA Partnership et al. 2015; Andrews et al. 2016; Isella et al. 2016; Fedele et al. 2017; Loomis et al. 2017) can now regularly be unveiled by the extremely high resolution…”
A Kinematical Detection of Two Embedded Jupiter-mass Planets in HD 163296 (2018, background): “…the Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) has revealed a variety of substructure in continuum emission from protoplanetary disks suggestive of planet-disk interactions sculpting the dust density distribution (ALMA Partnership et al. 2015; Andrews et al. 2016; Isella et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2016).”
Three Radial Gaps in the Disk of TW Hydrae Imaged with SPHERE (2016, methodology): “1 and 2 of Andrews et al. 2016).”
Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region (2018, background): “…in disks around HL Tau, TW Hydra, AA Tau, DM Tau, AS 209, Elias 2–24, V1094 Sco, HD 169142, HD 163296, and HD 97048 (ALMA Partnership et al. 2015; Andrews et al. 2016; Isella et al. 2016; Walsh et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2016; Cieza et al. 2017; Loomis et al. 2017; van der Plas et al. 2017;…”
The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP). VII. The Planet–Disk Interactions Interpretation (2018, background): “…the protoplanetary disks down to astronomical unit scales, and a variety of disk features (such as gaps, rings, spirals, and largescale asymmetries) have been revealed (e.g., Casassus et al. 2013; van der Marel et al. 2013; ALMA Partnership et al. 2015; Andrews et al. 2016; Garufi et al. 2017).”
ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks. II. Gas Disk Radii (2018, background): “This reasoning has been used to invoke radial drift for explaining the differences in the sub-mm/mm dust and gas radii for TW Hya (Andrews et al. 2012; Hogerheijde et al. 2016) and HD 163296 (de Gregorio-Monsalvo et al. 2013).”
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Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth (2017, methodology): “Intriguingly, in each case a candidate double gap can be identified: D5 and D6 at 64 and 74 AU in HL Tau, and the two gaps at 37 and 43 AU in TW Hya.”
Global Simulations of the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks with Comprehensive Disk Microphysics (2017, background): “…and extreme adaptive optics systems such as SPHERE/VLT and the Gemini Planet Imager, PPDs have revealed rich substructures (e.g., ALMA Partnership 2015; de Boer et al. 2016; Ginski et al. 2016; Isella et al. 2016; Nomura et al. 2016; Pérez et al. 2016), even down to au scales (Andrews et al. 2016).”
One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering (2019, background): “…has revolutionized protoplanetary disk studies by providing the necessary sensitivity Corresponding author: Zhaohuan Zhu zhaohuan.zhu@unlv.edu and spatial resolution to probe the planet forming region at several au scales for the first time (ALMA Partnership et al. 2015; Andrews et al. 2016).”
Phantom: A Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Magnetohydrodynamics Code for Astrophysics (2017, background): “…gaps for low mass planets appears to be observed in recent observations of the TW Hya protoplanetary disc, by comparing VLT-SPHERE imaging of the scattered light emission from small dust grains (van Boekel et al. 2017; tracing the gas) to ALMA images of the mm dust emission (Andrews et al., 2016).”
Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70 (2018, background): “…al. 2014), spirals (e.g. Muto et al. 2012; Grady et al. 2013; Tang et al. 2017), and multiple rings (e.g. de Boer et al. 2016; Ginski et al. 2016; Andrews et al. 2016; van Boekel et al. 2017; Pohl et al. 2017a; Bertrang et al. 2018), as well as shadowed regions and brightness dips, some of them…”