Untangling the alliance-outcome correlation: exploring the relative importance of therapist and patient variability in the alliance.

By Scott A. Baldwin, B. Wampold, Zac E. Imel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2007

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The Alliance in Adult Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analytic Synthesis (2018, background): “Moreover, there is meta-analytic evidence that a considerable proportion of the alliance–outcome correlation is strongly impacted by the therapist (Baldwin et al., 2007; Del Re et al., 2012).”
How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update (2015, background): “Recently, Baldwin et al (41) performed such an analysis and found that it was the therapist contribution which was important: more effective therapists were able to form a strong alliance across a range of patients.”
Motivation and Autonomy in Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Behavior Change: A Look at Theory and Practice 1ψ7 (2011, background): “Indeed, Baldwin, Wampold, and Imel (2007), using a multilevel modeling approach, isolated between-therapist and within-therapist variability in working alliances, thereby examining whether one or both of them are related to client outcomes.”