Using Population Viability Analysis to Develop Recovery Criteria for Endangered Insects: Case Study of the Fender's Blue Butterfly

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Adapting the IUCN Red List criteria for invertebrates (2011, methodology): “Moreover, decreases in habitat quality can also have major impacts on population persistence (Schultz and Hammond, 2003).”
Discrete-time growth-dispersal models with shifting species ranges (2011, background): “Schultz and Hammond (2003) surveyed Fender’s blue butterfly populations across the range of the subspecies and measured growth rates between 0.99 to 2.66 (see their Table 2). The high values of R0 in Fig. 6 suggest that most extant populations of Fender’s blue butterfly would do poorly with even sm”
Patch Size and Connectivity Thresholds for Butterfly Habitat Restoration (2005, background): “Based on extensive studies of demography and movement behavior (Schultz 1998; Schultz & Crone 2001; Crone & Schultz 2003; Schultz & Hammond 2003), we set absolute minimum patch size at 2 ha (Crone & Schultz 2003) and maximum distance from extant populations at 1 km (Schultz 1998).”