Armadillo/β-catenin signals in the nucleus – proof beyond a reasonable doubt?

By M. Bienz, Hans Clevers. Nature Cell Biology, 2003

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Wnt signaling: is the party in the nucleus? (2006, background): “Activated Dsh binds Axin, CK1, Par-1, and CK2, and may help titrate these components away from the destruction complex (Cadigan 2002; Bienz and Clevers 2003).”
Deletion of β-catenin impairs T cell development (2003, background): “Thus, signaling events lead to the accumulation of β-catenin protein, which subsequently translocates to the nucleus and participates in gene transcriptio”
Interactions between Sox9 and β-catenin control chondrocyte differentiation (2004, background): “8B; Behrens et al. 1996; Bienz and Clevers 2003).”
LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 in Wnt/β-catenin signaling: Arrows point the way (2004, background): “It is widely accepted that in this Wnt pathway β-catenin associates with, and acts as an obligatory nuclear co-activator for, the TCF/LEF (T cell factor/Lymphoid enhancer factor) family of transcription factors (Bienz and Clevers, 2003; Cong et al., 2003; Tolwinski and Wieschaus, 2004).”
Wnt-5a inhibits the canonical Wnt pathway by promoting GSK-3–independent β-catenin degradation (2003, background): “The accumulated -catenin binds the transcription factor of the LEF/TCF family and converts them from repressors to activators, which triggers downstream gene transcription (Peifer and Polakis, 2000; Chan and Struhl, 2002; Bienz and Clevers, 2003).”