Differential Roles of M1 and M2 Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases

By Yuanyuan Tang, W. Le. Molecular Neurobiology, 2015

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Microglia in Neurological Diseases: A Road Map to Brain-Disease Dependent-Inflammatory Response (2018, background): “On the other hand, the M2 microglial phenotype, is considered an anti-inflammatory state and is involved in the production and release of trophic factors, such as tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Tang and Le, 2016).”
Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease and its potential as therapeutic target (2015, background): “For example, Arg1, FIZZ1 (also known as RELM-α), Chi3l3 (also known as YM1) and CD206 were expressed in mouse M2 phase microglia [48].”
Microglia Polarization From M1 to M2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases (2022, background): “Microglia are easily induced to M1 phenotypes with aggregated mutant forms of mSOD1 and TDP-43 proteins (Zhao et al., 2010, 2015; Tang and Le, 2016).”
Microglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states (2016, background): “The association of neuroinflammation and activation state with various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (Varnum and Ikezu, 2012; Tang and Le, 2015), Parkinson’s disease (Blandini, 2013; Kannarkat et al.”
Neuroinflammation Induces Neurodegeneration (2016, background): “The ratio of M1 and M2 microglial activation is altered in neurodegenerative diseases and therefore M1/M2 switching may help therapeutic effectiveness in neurodegenerative diseases [70].”