Some principles of second language phonology

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Development of the ability to lexically encode novel second language phonemic contrasts (2008, background): “Learners exhibit particular difficulty acquiring a novel contrast when they initially perceive both L2 phonemes as mapping to a single native language phoneme: they must split two native language allophones into two L2 phonemes (for a discussion of allophonic split, see Eckman et al., 2003).”
The Combined Effects of Immersion and Instruction on Second Language Pronunciation (2010, background): “Nonetheless, a growing body of research has found benefits to its inclusion (see Elliott, 2003, for a review of relevant studies). In very general terms, Elliott (1995) found that accuracy in L2 pronunciation is related to the number of years of instruction, from which one can surmise that increased”