The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. 1956.

By G. A. Miller. 1994

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Citations in the corpus

From machine learning to machine reasoning (2011, background): “In particular, Miller (1956) argues that the human short-term memory holds seven plus-or-minus two chunks of information.”
Toward an Integration of Deep Learning and Neuroscience (2016, background): “Its capacity is somewhat limited, with the old idea being that verbal working memory has a capacity of “seven plus or minus two” (Miller, 1956), while visual working memory has a capacity of four (Luck and Vogel, 1997) (or, other authors defend, one).”
The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? (2000, background): “References a Miller, G.A. etal. (1960) flans and the Structure of Behavior, Holt b Baddeley, A.D. and Hitch, G. (1974) Working memory. In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Bower, G.A., ed.), pp. 48-79, Academic Press c Olton, D.S. er al. (1980) Hippocampal function: working memory or cognit”
Making the Black Box of Collaborative Learning Transparent: Combining Process-Oriented and Cognitive Load Approaches (2010, background): “(WM) is considered a bottleneck (Baddeley, 1986; Miller, 1956); for new, yet to be learned”
The instructor’s face in video instruction: Evidence from two large-scale field studies. (2015, background): “Second, only a limited amount of information can be processed in each channel at any time (limited capacity; Miller, 1956).”
From Cognitive Load Theory to Collaborative Cognitive Load Theory (2018, background): “Those limits are imposed by our working memory that is severely limited in both capacity (Miller 1956) and duration (Peterson and Peterson 1959).”
A TEORIA SUBJACENTE AOS MAPAS CONCEITUAIS E COMO ELABORÁ-LOS E USÁ-LOS * THE THEORY UNDERLYING CONCEPT MAPS AND HOW TO CONSTRUCT AND USE THEM (2010, background): “The limiting feature here is that working memory can process only a relatively small number of psychological units (five to nine) at any one moment (Miller, 1956).”
Toward a Rational and Mechanistic Account of Mental Effort. (2017, background): “This, in turn, links the constraints on control to the well-known limitations of working memory capacity (e.g., Cowan 2012, Luck & Vogel 1997, Miller 1956) (Figure 1, blue).”
Cortical capacity constraints for visual working memory: dissociation of fMRI load effects in a fronto-parietal network (2003, methodology): “The obtained P values were corrected for multiple comparisons using a cortex-based Bonferroni adjustment, i.e., the number of comparisons considered was reduced by limiting the analysis to gray matter voxels, as defined by the group mask (Trojano et al., 2000; Muckli et al., 2002).”
Taking the Load Off a Learner's Mind: Instructional Design for Complex Learning (2003, methodology): “Furthermore, it allows for chunking so that a newly constructed schema can be treated as one information item (Gobet et al., 2001; Miller, 1956) and is thus easily retrievable from long-term memory and accessible in working memory during subsequent work on the learning tasks.”
Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences. (2000, background): “…was contested by Champney and Marshall (1939), who advocated the use of ®ner scales, but the case for seven-point scales was strengthened by Miller (1956), who suggested in an in¯uential article that the human mind has a span of apprehension capable of distinguishing about seven di erent…”
An Instructional Strategy Framework for Online Learning Environments (2002, background): “Psychological studies show that most people can manage about seven “pieces” of information at one time without too much difficulty (Miller, 1956).”
Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: some food for thought (2010, background): “Long term memory is that part of memory where large amounts of information are stored (semi-) permanently, whereas short term memory is the memory system where small amounts of information are stored (Cowan 2001; Miller 1956) for a very short duration (Dosher 2003).”