LPS/TLR4 signal transduction pathway.

By Yong-Chen Lu, W. Yeh, P. Ohashi. Cytokine, 2008

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Gut Microbiota and Immune System Interactions (2020, background): “The activation of TLR4 in pancreatic islets was shown to increase proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages and beta-cells, resulting in decreased function and viability of beta-cells [103].”
NF-κB signaling in inflammation (2017, neutral): “24,25 Upon activation, TAK1 activates the downstream kinase IKK, which in turn phosphorylate the NF-κ B inhibitor I κ B α , leading to ubiquitin-dependent I κ B α degradation and NF-κ B activation.”
Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review (2023, background): “This binding could depend on a structural similarity between dietary SFA and the Lipid A of LPS; indeed, SFA’ pro-inflammatory potency varies according to chain lengths, with lauric acid showing the highest pro-inflammatory activity and the myristic acid and the stearic acid the lowest [24].”
A circadian clock in macrophages controls inflammatory immune responses (2009, background): “This pathway is complex and includes transcriptional but also posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational events (25).”