When more is not better: the role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes.

By Karen Appleyard, B. Egeland, M. V. van Dulmen, L. Sroufe. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 2005

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Socioeconomic Status and Child Development (2013, background): “…(Dallaire et al., 2008; Dekovic et al., 2003), parental discipline (Stevens et al., 2007), parental coping and depressive symptoms (Wadsworth & Compas, 2002), increased life stress (Appleyard et al., 2005), family support (Guerrero et al., 2006), and exposure to violence (Wadsworth & Compas, 2002).”
The Ecology of Adolescent Dating Aggression: Attitudes, Relationships, Media Use, and Socio-Demographic Risk Factors (2010, methodology): “The linear risk score was represented by the sum of the risks and the threshold risk score was represented by the linear risk score squared ( Appleyard, Egeland, van Dulmen, & Sroufe, 2005 ).”
The Relation of Exposure to Parental Criminal Activity, Arrest, and Sentencing to Children’s Maladjustment (2010, background): “For example, in a study of at-risk urban children, Appleyard et al. (2005) found support for a linear model of risk, that is, a model in which a greater number of risk experiences predicted a greater number of internalizing and externalizing behaviors.”