Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988–1994 versus 2000–2004

By A. Looker, C. Pfeiffer, D. Lacher, R. Schleicher, M. Picciano, E. Yetley. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2008

663 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Background Changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations in the US population have not been described. Objective Use data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) to compare serum 25OHD concentrations in the US population in 2000–2004 versus 1988–1994, and to identify contributing factors. Design Serum 25OHD was measured with a radioimmunoassay kit in 20,289 participants in NHANES 2000–2004 and 18,158 participants in NHANES III (1988–1994). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from measured height and weight. Milk intake and sun protection were assessed by questionnaire. Assay differences were assessed by re-analyzing 150 stored sera specimens from NHANES III with the current assay. Results Age-adjusted mean serum 25OHD concentrations were significantly lower by 5–20 nmol/L in NHANES 2000–2004 than in NHANES III. After accounting for assay shifts, age-adjusted means in NHANES 2000–2004 remained significantly lower (by 5–9 nmol/L) in most males, but not in most females. In a study subsample, accounting for the confounding effects of assay differences changed mean serum 25OHD by ~10 nmol/L, while accounting for changes in the factors likely related to real changes in vitamin D status (BMI, milk intake, and sun protection) changed means by 1–1.6 nmol/L. Conclusions Overall, mean serum 25OHD was lower in 2000–2004 than 1988–1994. Assay changes unrelated to changes in vitamin D status accounted for much of the difference in most population groups. In an adult subgroup, combined changes in BMI, milk intake and sun protection appeared to contribute to a real decline in vitamin D status.

Subfields: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Genetics, Pathology and Forensic Medicine

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fce6dae8f56837323d13fd8ecb98806875e2487b

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In Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism

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M. F. Holick

In Pathology and Forensic Medicine

Citations in the corpus

American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention (2002, background): “Many Americans, however, do not consume sufficient amounts of vitamin D and are at risk of deficiency, especially individuals with dark skin, those with little sun exposure, the elderly, and exclusively breast-fed babies.(375)”
Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. (2011, methodology): “different cutoff points have been used to define vitamin D deficiency, several studies have reported a high prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency in non-Hispanic blacks [30-33].”
Update in vitamin D. (2010, background): “All causes Melamed 2008 Arch Intern Med 168:1629 Dobnig 2008 Arch Intern Med 168:1340 Cardiovascular disease Kim 2008 Am J Cardiol 102: 1540 (34) Wang 2008 Circulation 117:503 Kendrick 2009 Atherosclerosis 205: 255 Hypertension Judd 2008 Am J Clin Nutr 87: 136 BMI Looker 2008 Am J Clin Nutr 88: 1519”
The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (2022, background): “This regimen should be followed bymaintenance therapy of 1000 to 2000 units/day or whatever dose is needed to maintain the target serum level [113, 114].”
Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. (2011, background): “Similar changes in 25(OH)D have been observed in children (47, 96); two to three times as much vitamin D, however, is required to achieve this same increase in serum 25(OH)D levels in patients who are obese (3, 38, 42).”