Functions and Regulation of RNA Editing by ADAR Deaminases

By K. Nishikura. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 2010

1,236 citations recorded by the source corpus.

One type of RNA editing converts adenosines to inosines (A→I editing) in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) substrates. A→I RNA editing is mediated by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes. A→I RNA editing of protein-coding sequences of a limited number of mammalian genes results in recoding and subsequent alterations of their functions. However, A→I RNA editing most frequently targets repetitive RNA sequences located within introns and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). Although the biological significance of noncoding RNA editing remains largely unknown, several possibilities, including its role in the control of endogenous short interfering RNAs (esiRNAs), have been proposed. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed that the biogenesis and functions of certain microRNAs (miRNAs) are regulated by the editing of their precursors. Here, I review the recent findings that indicate new functions for A→I editing in the regulation of noncoding RNAs and for interactions between RNA editing and RNA interference mechanisms.

Subfields: Molecular Biology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fcb053fb890e13b1da8e5e6bccd88aa40ffe9703

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Citations in the corpus

miRNAs in human cancer (2010, background): “Post-transcriptional regulation of miRNAs themselves through RNA editing or terminal modifications was shown to alter miRNA targeting, processing and stability, but connection of these modifications to tumorigenesis has not yet been definitive (reviewed in [47,66,67]).”
The nuts and bolts of the endogenous spliceosome (2017, background): “ADAR editing in coding regions and in introns can change the codons, or splicing patterns, respectively, because inosines are recognized by the splicing and translation machineries as guanosines.(74) Both active ADAR1 and ADAR2 were found associated with supraspliceosomes.”
Single-cell RNA-seq: advances and future challenges (2014, neutral): “Non-polyadenylated RNA species, in spite of them being the major fraction of transcripts in many important organisms, are currently under-represented, and post-transcriptional RNA modifications (148,149) and RNA editing events (150) have not at all been explored in single cells.”
ADAR1 Limits RIG-I RNA Detection and Suppresses IFN Production Responding to Viral and Endogenous RNAs (2014, background): “Both isoforms of ADAR1 convert adenosine to inosine on its dsRNA substrates, potentially changing the coding information on mRNAs (10, 11).”
Circular RNAs: analysis, expression and potential functions (2016, background): “In humans, members of the ADAR family of RBPs, which are best known for their role in RNA editing and convert adenine to inosine in RNA duplexes (Nishikura, 2010), have been implicated in circRNA production.”
MicroRNAs in human cancer. (2013, background): “Posttranscriptional regulation of miRNAs themselves through RNA editing or terminal modifications was shown to alter miRNA targeting, processing and stability, but connection of these modifications to tumorigenesis has not yet been definitive (reviewed in [56, 75, 76]).”