Does Affective Learning Exist in the Absence of Contingency Awareness

By H. Purkis, O. Lipp. 2001

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The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: empirical evidence and theoretical implications. (2002, background): “Particularly strong evidence against the claim that evaluative learning can be decoupled from awareness has been presented in the study by Purkis and Lipp (2001), described in the Autonomic Conditioning section, which used a masked conditioning procedure with electric shock as the US.”
Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy. (2008, background): “For example, contingency awareness (i.e., knowledge that a specific CS predicts a specific US), although of debatable necessity for conditioned responding (e.g., Lovibond and Shanks (2002) versus Ohman and Mineka (2001)) is a strong correlate of conditioned responding (e.g., Purkis & Lipp, 2001).”
Don't fear ‘fear conditioning’: Methodological considerations for the design and analysis of studies on human fear acquisition, extinction, and return of fear (2017, unknown): “In line with this, trial-by-trial ratings of US expectancy, as an index of conscious CS-US contingency knowledge, has been shown to align with the development of CRs in time (Purkis and Lipp, 2001; Weidemann et al., 2016; Weidemann and Antees, 2012).”