Phantom limb pain: a case of maladaptive CNS plasticity?

By Herta Flor, L. Nikolajsen, T. S. Jensen. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2006

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Models and mechanisms of hyperalgesia and allodynia. (2009, background): “Reorganization of sensory processing in cortical areas may also be long-lasting (138, 518, 519, 532).”
Training-Induced Brain Structure Changes in the Elderly (2008, background): “Later, based on lesion models, researchers examined the functional reorganization of cortical maps in various areas in adult brains (Weiller et al., 1993; Knecht et al., 1998; Flor et al., 2006) and provided evidence that neural systems are modifiable networks, and these processes are not limited to”
Multimodal contributions to body representation (2016, background): “…the body representation in the primary somatosensory cortex, has been linked to the amount of phantom limb pain, calling for a ‘maladaptive plasticity’ in such patients (Flor et al., 1995, 2006; Foell et al., 2014; Lotze et al., 2001; though see Makin et al., 2015, for recent contrasting evidence).”
Chronic pain may change the structure of the brain. (2008, methodology): “peripheral, spinal and cerebral nervous system [25,40,50,80].”
Tuning out the noise: Limbic-auditory interactions in tinnitus (2010, positive): “In this context, analogies between tinnitus and chronic pain may be informative (Flor et al., 2006; King et al., 2009; Moller, 2007).”