Is energy consumption per capita broken stationary? New evidence from regional-based panels

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Are fluctuations in energy variables permanent or transitory? A survey of the literature on the integration properties of energy consumption and production (2013, methodology): “Kula, Aslan & Ozturk [22] 23 OECD countries, 1960- 2005 (annual data) Electricity consumption per capita Lee & Strazicich [35] univariate unit root tests with up to two structural breaks – stationarity for 21 countries Ozturk, Aslan [23] Turkey, Sectors, 1970-2006 (annual data) Energy consumption pe”
Non-Linear Unit Root Properties of Crude Oil Production (2009, unknown): “Related studies that have tested for a unit root in energy consumption are Al-Iriani (2006), Chen and Lee (2007), Hsu et al. (2007), Joyuex and Ripple (2007), Lee (2005), Lee and Chang (2007, 2007a) and Narayan and Smyth (2007).”
Are fluctuations in energy consumption per capita transitory? Evidence from a panel of Pacific Island countries (2009, methodology): “There has been a surge in interest in applying panel unit root and panel stationarity tests to examine the stationarity properties of energy consumption (see Lee, 2005; Al-Iriani, 2006; Narayan & Smyth, 2007; Chen & Lee, 2007; Hsu et al, 2008; Joyeux & Ripple 2007; Lee & Chang, 2008).”