Fourth Test of General Relativity

By I. Shapiro. 1964

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1. G. Hobbs
2. J. Wright
3. R. Manchester
4. A. Konopliv
5. William M. Folkner
6. R. Park
7. C. Will
8. J. Weisberg

Citations in the corpus

• The Measurement of the Light Deflection from Jupiter: Experimental Results (2003, methodology): “The deflection prediction by Einstein is equivalent to measuring the time delay of light traveling in a static gravitation field (Shapiro 1964) and was confirmed in a series of experiments, the most precise of which was made with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI; Lebach et al. 1995; Eubanks…”
• The fundamental constants and their variation: observational and theoretical status (2002, background): “(164) This leads to two observable effects in the Solar system (Shapiro, 1964; Counselman and Shapiro, 1968).”
• Dark Energy in Light of Multi-Messenger Gravitational-Wave Astronomy (2018, unknown): “This statement can be made precise in terms of the Shapiro delay (Shapiro, 1964).”
• A SHARP view of H0LiCOW: H0 from three time-delay gravitational lens systems with adaptive optics imaging (2019, unknown): “One can express the excess time delays as ∆t = (1 − λ)D∆t c [ 1 2 (θ − β)2 − ψ (θ) ] , (2) where θ, β, and ψ (θ) are the image location, the source location, and the projected two-dimension lensing gravitational potential, respectively (Shapiro 1964; Refsdal 1964).”
• The Crab Nebula and Pulsar between 500 GeV and 80 TeV: Observations with the HEGRA Stereoscopic Air Cerenkov Telescopes (2004, methodology): “The algorithm applied includes a higher order correction for a relativistic effect that occurs whenever photons pass close to the Sun and are slightly deflected in the gravitational field (Shapiro 1964).”
• Barycentric Corrections at 1 cm s-1 for Precise Doppler Velocities (2014, background): “…aberration of starlight (a real effect in the frame of the Earth), and that the Earth’s frame is not inertial over an entire orbit. might be important at the 1 cm/s level: gravitational blueshift due to the Sun and the Earth (only the former is time variable), and the Shapiro delay (Shapiro 1964).”
• RELATIVISTIC MEASUREMENTS FROM TIMING THE BINARY PULSAR PSR B1913+16 (2016, methodology): “For the first time, we have successfully fitted for the Shapiro (1964) gravitational propagation delay while also placing constraints on two additional ones: a relativistic correction to the quasi-elliptical shape of the orbit and the 1 This procedure also absorbs TOA variations induced by DM…”
• TEMPO2, a new pulsar-timing package - I. An overview (2006, methodology): “To make an accurate determination of the arrival time at the barycentre it is also necessary to include the Shapiro delay due to Solar System objects (most notably the Sun) which accounts for the time delay caused by the passage of the pulse through large gravitational fields (Shapiro 1964).”
• Refined Mass and Geometric Measurements of the High-mass PSR J0740+6620 (2021, methodology): “Measurement of the relativistic Shapiro time delay (Shapiro 1964) in the PSR J0740+6620 system allowed for an estimate of the pulsar mass, = - +m M2.”
• X-ray reverberation around accreting black holes (2014, background): “As one might expect, relativistic effects are important when considering reverberation in the strong gravitational field around a black hole (Shapiro 1964).”
• Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics (2018, background): “Coupled with the theoretical discovery in 1964 of the relativistic time-delay effect (Shapiro, 1964), it provided new and accurate tests of general relativity.”