Personal and participatory socializers of the perceived legitimacy of aggressive behavior in sport

By David E. Conroy, John M. Silva, R. Newcomer, B. Walker, Matthew C. Johnson. 2001

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Team Sports Players' Observed Aggresion as a Function of Gender, Competitive Level, and Sport Type (2006, methodology): “Indeed, sport aggression is perceived as being more legitimate as the level of competition increases (Bredemeier, 1985; Conroy et al., 2001; Silva, 1983).”
Effects of personal and social responsibility on fair play in sports and self-control in school-aged youths (2007, result): “These findings were corroborated by two other studies, which revealed that extensive participation in medium contact sports among young people (Conroy et al., 2001), and in high contact sports among boys at a summer camp (Bredemeier, Weiss, Shields, & Cooper, 1987), corresponded with a greater…”
Observed Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors in Male and Female Soccer Players (2009, methodology): “Several studies have reported a link between extent of participation in contact sports such as soccer and aggressive tendencies, judgments that injurious acts are legitimate, and low levels of moral functioning (Bredemeier et al., 1986; Conroy et al., 2001; Kavussanu & Ntoumanis, 2003).”
Observed Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors in Male Soccer Teams: Age Differences across Adolescence and the Role of Motivational Variables (2006, background): “Based on past research (Bredemeier, 1995; Conroy et al., 2001), it was hypothesized that prosocial behaviors would be less frequent and antisocial behaviors would be more frequent with increasing age.”