Estimating marginal CO2 emissions rates for national electricity systems

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Measuring the progress and impacts of decarbonising British electricity (2017, methodology): “The emissions saved by an additional MWh of output from wind and solar are estimated using a multivariate regression on the changes that occur between each half-hour period, as proposed by Hawkes (Hawkes, 2010).”
Techno-economic and environmental modelling and optimization of flexible distributed multi-generation options (2014, methodology): “Emission rate for electricity values are reconstructed as in [70] using the electricity generation mix for the entire 2011 and 2012 [58] and the standard emission rates for each fuel type [71].”
Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State-based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the United States (2015, background): “It should also be noted that the marginal electricity scenario is the most realistic scenario among the proposed policies, and its inclusion is therefore suggested by various researchers [37,56–60].”
Thermal energy storage for low and medium temperature applications using phase change materials – A review (2016, methodology): “40 The daily variation of CO2 emissions per kWh of electricity consumed for the 15th of January and 41 July of 2015 are presented in Figure 2, values were obtained for the generation mix for the UK na-42 tional grid and CO2 emission factors applied similar to those estimated by Hawkes et al [4].”