Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State-based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the United States

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Systems Thinking for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment: A Review of Recent Developments, Applications, and Future Perspectives (2017, background): “The goal of LCA is to assess the environmental impact of products from a system perspective and to identify possible improvement strategies [125,126].”
Towards Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Alternative Passenger Vehicles (2014, background): “Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and battery electric vehicles (BEV) are some of these alternative vehicle technologies, which can help to address the aforementioned issues by shifting transportation energy sources use from fossil fuels to electricity, under l”
A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development (2017, background): “In [158], well-to-wheel and production phases are taken into account to calculate the impact of EVs on the environment.”
Light-duty electric vehicles to improve the integrity of the electricity grid through Vehicle-to-Grid technology: Analysis of regional net revenue and emissions savings (2016, background): “) must also be encouraged in order to make EVs a more favorable option compared to internal combustion vehicles [70].”