A Physics-Based Parameterization of Air–Sea Momentum Flux at High Wind Speeds and Its Impact on Hurricane Intensity Predictions

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Limitation of One-Dimensional Ocean Models for Coupled Hurricane–Ocean Model Forecasts (2009, methodology): “…magnitude is calculated using the bulk formula, in which the drag coefﬁcient ( C D ) is calculated as an empirical function of the 10-m wind speed, similar to Moon et al. (2007) but modiﬁed to decrease C D at high wind speeds to be more consistent with observations, as suggested by Tung (2008).”
Simulation of the Recent Multidecadal Increase of Atlantic Hurricane Activity Using an 18-km-Grid Regional Model (2007, background): “wind–pressure relationship deficiency in the model is likely at least in part due to the observed decrease in surface drag at high wind conditions, an effect that is being addressed with new surface flux parameterizations (e.g., Moon et al. 2007 ).”
User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH III R version 4.18 (2014, background): “, 2010), (iii) nonlinear dissipation function at strong winds (Moon et al., 2006; Babanin et al., 2007), (iv) bimodal distribution of the directional spreading of the dissipation (Young and Babanin, 2006; Babanin et al.”
Wind and waves in extreme hurricanes (2012, background): “Most tropical cyclone models [Moon et al., 2007; Gopalakrishnan et al., 2011] have incorporated a wind speed dependent CD, which is capped when surface winds reach 30–35 m/s.”