Bile acids as regulatory molecules

By P. Hylemon, Huiping Zhou, W. Pandak, S. Ren, G. Gil, P. Dent. Journal of Lipid Research, 2009

656 citations recorded by the source corpus.

In the past, bile acids were considered to be just detergent molecules derived from cholesterol in the liver. They were known to be important for the solubilization of cholesterol in the gallbladder and for stimulating the absorption of cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, and lipids from the intestines. However, during the last two decades, it has been discovered that bile acids are regulatory molecules. Bile acids have been discovered to activate specific nuclear receptors (farnesoid X receptor, preganane X receptor, and vitamin D receptor), G protein coupled receptor TGR5 (TGR5), and cell signaling pathways (c-jun N-terminal kinase 1/2, AKT, and ERK 1/2) in cells in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Activation of nuclear receptors and cell signaling pathways alter the expression of numerous genes encoding enzyme/proteins involved in the regulation of bile acid, glucose, fatty acid, lipoprotein synthesis, metabolism, transport, and energy metabolism. They also play a role in the regulation of serum triglyceride levels in humans and rodents. Bile acids appear to function as nutrient signaling molecules primarily during the feed/fast cycle as there is a flux of these molecules returning from the intestines to the liver following a meal. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of how bile acids regulate hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism through the activation of specific nuclear receptors and cell signaling pathways.—Hylemon, P. B., H. Zhou, W. M. Pandak, S. Ren, G. Gil, and P. Dent. Bile acids as regulatory molecules.

Subfields: Epidemiology, Oncology, Surgery

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f6f8d9cb0133845753fd04d5186b8bdf411ecd2f

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Citations in the corpus

• Resveratrol Attenuates Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO)-Induced Atherosclerosis by Regulating TMAO Synthesis and Bile Acid Metabolism via Remodeling of the Gut Microbiota (2016, background): “BAs are synthesized from cholesterol by CYP7A1 in the liver and play a central role in cholesterol homoeostasis (8).”
• Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling (2013, neutral): “Bile acids also have been shown to activate several cell signaling pathways involved in regulation of bile acid metabolism (87).”
• Bile Acids and the Gut Microbiome (2014, background): “DCA is known to activate a number of cell-signaling pathways associated with disease phenotypes [16].”