Residual load, renewable surplus generation and storage requirements in Germany

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Levelized cost of electricity for solar photovoltaic and electrical energy storage (2017, background): “An investigation on PV surplus generation and storage requirements in Germany is provided in [5].”
Power system impacts of electric vehicles in Germany: Charging with coal or renewables? (2015, unknown): “This may result in exaggerated assessments of both fluctuation and surplus generation, as discussed by Schill [31].”
Potential of Power-to-Methane in the EU energy transition to a low carbon system using cost optimization (2018, background): “Economically, it needs a low electricity price (< 10 €/MWh [13,14]), low specific CAPEX (currently up to 1500 € per installed kW of synthetic gas [13,15]) and high number of operational hours (> 3000 h to reduce the CAPEX contribution to the cost) to reach a similar price as fossil-derived natural g”
Start-up costs of thermal power plants in markets with increasing shares of variable renewable generation (2017, background): “Equation (10) constrains overall biomass utilization to an overall energy cap.”