Enzyme production by obligate intestinal anaerobic bacteria isolated from oscars (Astronotus ocellatus), angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) and southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)

By R. Ramírez, B. Dixon. 2003

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The Gut Microbiota of Marine Fish (2018, unknown): “In southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, Clostridium along with other Gram-negative genera displayed enzyme activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases, C4 and C8 esterases, C14 lipases, arylamidases and glycosidases (Ramirez and Dixon, 2003).”
Probiotic effect of Bacillus NL110 and Vibrio NE17 on the survival, growth performance and immune response of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) (2010, background): “…the host include pigments (Holmstrom, Egan, Franks, McCloy & Kjelleberg 2002), proteins (Klein, Pack, Bonaparte & Reuter 1998), fatty acids (Shirasaka, Nishi & Shimizu 1995), vitamins (Sugita, Miyajima & Deguchi 1991) and digestive enzymes (Cahill 1990; Hansen & Olafsen 1999; Ramirez & Dixon 2003).”
Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in fish and shellfish (2006, background): “Studies in freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare), oscars (Astronotus ocellatus), and the marine southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) suggest that the intestinal anaerobic bacteria can perform a role in the digestive process of the fish by providing a variety of enzymes such as carbohyd”
Probiotics in aquaculture: The need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes (2008, background): “Ramirez and Dixon (2003) reported on the enzymatic properties of anaerobic intestinal bacteria isolated from three fish species, showing the potential role a probiotic could play.”