RIG-I-like receptors: their regulation and roles in RNA sensing

By J. Rehwinkel, Michaela U. Gack. Nature reviews. Immunology, 2020

1,451 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are key sensors of virus infection, mediating the transcriptional induction of type I interferons and other genes that collectively establish an antiviral host response. Recent studies have revealed that both viral and host-derived RNAs can trigger RLR activation; this can lead to an effective antiviral response but also immunopathology if RLR activities are uncontrolled. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the types of RNA sensed by RLRs in the contexts of viral infection, malignancies and autoimmune diseases. We further describe how the activity of RLRs is controlled by host regulatory mechanisms, including RLR-interacting proteins, post-translational modifications and non-coding RNAs. Finally, we discuss key outstanding questions in the RLR field, including how our knowledge of RLR biology could be translated into new therapeutics. The RNA-sensing retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are important inducers of type I interferons and other antiviral immune mediators. Here, Jan Rehwinkel and Michaela Gack explain how members of the RLR family are regulated and reflect on the importance of the RLRs in viral infection, autoimmunity and cancer.

Subfields: Immunology, Molecular Biology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f64f62d62421cec8644dc6759772493d2953931c

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In Immunology

1. Danyang Li
2. Minghua Wu
3. Wenshuai Wang
4. Anna Marie Pyle

In Molecular Biology

1. Danyang Li
2. Minghua Wu
3. C. S. Sullivan

Citations in the corpus

• Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases (2021, background): “RLRs are involved in the recognition of viral infection by the innate immune system, and their agonists include poly I:C.(99) Studies have revealed the link between energy metabolism and innate immunity, indicating that lactate may act as a natural inhibitor of RLR signal transduction by targeting t”
• DUSP11 and triphosphate RNA balance during virus infection (2021, background): “DUSP11 can dephosphorylate viral transcripts to the benefit or detriment of the virus 5-PPP RNAs are a molecular hallmark of RNA virus replication that are produced during the course of infection via viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) [6].”
• DUSP11-mediated control of 5′-triphosphate RNA regulates RIG-I sensitivity (2020, background): “ADAR1-mediated posttranscriptional deamination of adenosine in structured and double-stranded RNAs prevents activation of several PRRs including MDA5, PKR, and RNase L (Rehwinkel and Gack 2020).”